{
  "date": "2026-11-09",
  "machine": {
    "cpu": "Apple M4, 10 cores",
    "os": "macOS 15.3.1",
    "jdk": "Temurin 17",
    "heap": "8 GiB",
    "task_off_heap": "1 GiB"
  },
  "versions": {
    "hudi": "1.2.1",
    "flink": "1.18",
    "native": "release, mimalloc"
  },
  "method": {
    "parallelism": 1,
    "batch_rows": 4096,
    "warmups": 2,
    "measured_trials": 5,
    "order": "alternating/rotating engines",
    "fixtures": "stock Hudi SQL writes; id BIGINT, name STRING; every seventh name is NULL",
    "aggregate_query": "SELECT SUM(id), COUNT(name) FROM h",
    "aggregate_mini_batch": "4096 rows / 50 ms",
    "previous_sf": "native planner/aggregate enabled; only hudiSource disabled",
    "reader_boundary": "SourceReader creation, Java storage I/O, decoding, fetch queues, JNI/C Data import, equivalent checksum; excludes planning/admission",
    "sql_boundary": "executeSql, planning/admission, Java I/O, JNI, pipeline and external Row result collection; excludes fixture writes"
  },
  "final_trials": [
    {
      "benchmark": "aggregate",
      "rows": 200000,
      "row_result_query": null,
      "trials_ms": {
        "stock": [
          573.3065,
          481.416875,
          490.945542,
          528.991834,
          469.132833
        ],
        "previous_sf": [
          511.9815,
          473.077417,
          575.6335,
          477.31675,
          465.66075
        ],
        "native": [
          535.696125,
          580.313709,
          483.28,
          487.27025,
          482.956917
        ]
      },
      "median_ms": {
        "stock": 490.946,
        "previous_sf": 477.317,
        "native": 487.27
      },
      "range_ms": {
        "stock": [
          469.133,
          573.307
        ],
        "previous_sf": [
          465.661,
          575.634
        ],
        "native": [
          482.957,
          580.314
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "sql",
      "rows": 200000,
      "row_result_query": "SELECT name, id + 1 FROM h",
      "trials_ms": {
        "stock": [
          965.798417,
          1063.4765,
          938.754417,
          1039.763417,
          935.4815
        ],
        "native": [
          971.356292,
          1052.301334,
          956.733333,
          1047.868042,
          1091.195417
        ]
      },
      "median_ms": {
        "stock": 965.798,
        "native": 1047.868
      },
      "range_ms": {
        "stock": [
          935.481,
          1063.476
        ],
        "native": [
          956.733,
          1091.195
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reader",
      "rows": 200000,
      "row_result_query": null,
      "trials_ms": {
        "stock": [
          30.640125,
          23.488,
          21.962625,
          22.006166,
          22.380167
        ],
        "native": [
          8.310542,
          9.315375,
          8.323042,
          8.909917,
          8.348
        ]
      },
      "median_ms": {
        "stock": 22.38,
        "native": 8.348
      },
      "range_ms": {
        "stock": [
          21.963,
          30.64
        ],
        "native": [
          8.311,
          9.315
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "aggregate",
      "rows": 1000000,
      "row_result_query": null,
      "trials_ms": {
        "stock": [
          614.94325,
          736.835792,
          698.696375,
          722.677375,
          728.713584
        ],
        "previous_sf": [
          605.446625,
          695.693709,
          586.706125,
          595.442416,
          779.682167
        ],
        "native": [
          497.26775,
          528.767375,
          643.069709,
          568.236375,
          513.7055
        ]
      },
      "median_ms": {
        "stock": 722.677,
        "previous_sf": 605.447,
        "native": 528.767
      },
      "range_ms": {
        "stock": [
          614.943,
          736.836
        ],
        "previous_sf": [
          586.706,
          779.682
        ],
        "native": [
          497.268,
          643.07
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "sql",
      "rows": 1000000,
      "row_result_query": "SELECT name, id + 1 FROM h",
      "trials_ms": {
        "stock": [
          2627.846583,
          2709.076417,
          2722.799625,
          2654.00725,
          2672.502458
        ],
        "native": [
          2590.959,
          2636.393583,
          2594.721583,
          2681.453709,
          2652.80675
        ]
      },
      "median_ms": {
        "stock": 2672.502,
        "native": 2636.394
      },
      "range_ms": {
        "stock": [
          2627.847,
          2722.8
        ],
        "native": [
          2590.959,
          2681.454
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "benchmark": "reader",
      "rows": 1000000,
      "row_result_query": null,
      "trials_ms": {
        "stock": [
          127.046,
          134.488416,
          147.065208,
          134.430792,
          93.696083
        ],
        "native": [
          27.211917,
          27.379583,
          27.692166,
          40.874417,
          48.765042
        ]
      },
      "median_ms": {
        "stock": 134.431,
        "native": 27.692
      },
      "range_ms": {
        "stock": [
          93.696,
          147.065
        ],
        "native": [
          27.212,
          48.765
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "investigation": {
    "before_single_admission": [
      {
        "benchmark": "aggregate",
        "rows": 200000,
        "row_result_query": null,
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            494.287791,
            516.812875,
            499.360084,
            495.478458,
            479.899709
          ],
          "previous_sf": [
            496.118083,
            515.126791,
            481.460625,
            537.373125,
            486.16
          ],
          "native": [
            535.026084,
            589.684416,
            500.105958,
            501.824375,
            522.992708
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 495.478,
          "previous_sf": 496.118,
          "native": 522.993
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            479.9,
            516.813
          ],
          "previous_sf": [
            481.461,
            537.373
          ],
          "native": [
            500.106,
            589.684
          ]
        }
      }
    ],
    "before_columnar_consumer_admission": [
      {
        "benchmark": "aggregate",
        "rows": 200000,
        "row_result_query": null,
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            562.748792,
            578.968208,
            506.084541,
            580.81625,
            484.223792
          ],
          "previous_sf": [
            492.232542,
            487.53175,
            483.103458,
            484.913584,
            484.039291
          ],
          "native": [
            503.397959,
            492.903625,
            489.302458,
            496.84525,
            499.365
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 562.749,
          "previous_sf": 484.914,
          "native": 496.845
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            484.224,
            580.816
          ],
          "previous_sf": [
            483.103,
            492.233
          ],
          "native": [
            489.302,
            503.398
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "benchmark": "sql",
        "rows": 200000,
        "row_result_query": "SELECT name, id FROM h",
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            1062.135167,
            965.275666,
            967.111416,
            976.18675,
            961.996917
          ],
          "native": [
            991.089958,
            987.711458,
            1006.733542,
            1010.031292,
            1004.342916
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 967.111,
          "native": 1004.343
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            961.997,
            1062.135
          ],
          "native": [
            987.711,
            1010.031
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "benchmark": "reader",
        "rows": 200000,
        "row_result_query": null,
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            24.180875,
            24.775917,
            24.058959,
            24.044917,
            22.73225
          ],
          "native": [
            9.912042,
            9.533584,
            9.311792,
            16.047208,
            9.10675
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 24.059,
          "native": 9.534
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            22.732,
            24.776
          ],
          "native": [
            9.107,
            16.047
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "benchmark": "aggregate",
        "rows": 1000000,
        "row_result_query": null,
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            609.7215,
            621.124209,
            590.577791,
            699.295542,
            583.238083
          ],
          "previous_sf": [
            613.260959,
            572.145125,
            622.003417,
            730.378083,
            573.836042
          ],
          "native": [
            608.358917,
            516.608125,
            496.262916,
            502.380584,
            478.870666
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 609.721,
          "previous_sf": 613.261,
          "native": 502.381
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            583.238,
            699.296
          ],
          "previous_sf": [
            572.145,
            730.378
          ],
          "native": [
            478.871,
            608.359
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "benchmark": "sql",
        "rows": 1000000,
        "row_result_query": "SELECT name, id FROM h",
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            2754.389417,
            2623.769208,
            2642.86475,
            2792.459958,
            2719.96
          ],
          "native": [
            2779.89725,
            2592.175458,
            2580.235125,
            2606.219833,
            2565.90275
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 2719.96,
          "native": 2592.175
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            2623.769,
            2792.46
          ],
          "native": [
            2565.903,
            2779.897
          ]
        }
      },
      {
        "benchmark": "reader",
        "rows": 1000000,
        "row_result_query": null,
        "trials_ms": {
          "stock": [
            96.265833,
            106.911042,
            95.401583,
            96.488208,
            95.025125
          ],
          "native": [
            26.508417,
            27.499792,
            26.486417,
            29.546333,
            32.568084
          ]
        },
        "median_ms": {
          "stock": 96.266,
          "native": 27.5
        },
        "range_ms": {
          "stock": [
            95.025,
            106.911
          ],
          "native": [
            26.486,
            32.568
          ]
        }
      }
    ],
    "notes": [
      "Planning originally repeated footer/schema validation. A validated source plan now carries admission into runtime translation.",
      "Standalone SQL scans now retain stock Hudi; native source requires an immediate columnar consumer.",
      "Small complete jobs remain startup/result-boundary dominated; reader-only gains are not a universal SQL speedup. Both favorable and unfavorable end-to-end results are retained."
    ]
  }
}